Month: February 2022
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Chemical Sterilization
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Chemical sterilization involves the utilization of certain chemicals to cause microbial termination. For this, the most used materials are chlorine, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium salts, and ETO. Alkylating gases Principle: Alkalization of essential metabolites of microbes, affecting reproductive Alkalization occurs by replacing hydrogen on sulfhydryl, amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl-groups with a hydroxyl radical Example: …
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Sterilization
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Sterilization: Process designed to produce a sterile state. Sterile state: Sterile state is absolute condition of total destruction or elimination of all living microbes. Aseptic: The term aseptic indicates a controlled process or condition in which the level of microbial contamination is reduced to the degree that microbes can be…
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Vitamins
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Vitamins Vitamins are the chemical compounds that are required in low amounts but are essential for normal growth and metabolism. Vitamins may be divided into two groups: the fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A,D,E and K) and the water-soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C). Vitamin A Vitamin A was the first…
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Cancer
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What is Cancer? Cancer is the deregulation of normal cellular processes. Cells that have been transformed tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled and deregulated way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). Cancer is not one disease, but a group of more than 100 different and distinctive diseases. Cancer can…
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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is a network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colourless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream). Some 20 litres of plasma flow through your body’s arteries and smaller arteriole blood vessels and capillaries every day. …
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Inhalational Anesthetics
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Inhalational Anesthetics A wide variety of gases and volatile liquids can produce anesthesia. One of the troublesome properties of the inhalational anesthetics is their low safety margin. The inhalational anesthetics have therapeutic indices (LD50/ED50) that range from 2 to 4, making these among the most dangerous drugs in clinical use.…
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Intravenous Anesthetics
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Intravenous Anesthetics Intravenous anesthetics are a group of fast-acting compounds that are used to induce a state of impaired awareness or complete sedation. Commonly used Intravenous anesthetics include Propofol ,etomidate, ketamine and barbiturates BARBITURATES The three barbiturates most used in clinical anesthesia are sodium thiopental, thiamylal, and methohexital. Sodium thiopental has been…
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LOCAL ANESTHETICS
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LOCAL ANESTHETICS Local anesthetics are drugs which upon topical application or local injection cause reversible loss of sensory perception, especially of pain in a localized area of the body. It blocks generation and conduction of nerve impulses at a localized site of contact without structural damage to neurons. Loss of…